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ICT4S 2022
Mon 13 - Fri 17 June 2022 Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Call for Papers

The International Conference on Information and Communications Technology for Sustainability (ICT4S) is the premier international conference aiming at bringing together leading researchers in ICT for Sustainability with government, industry and community representatives, including decision-makers and end-users with an interest in using ICT for sustainability, researchers focusing on ICT effects on sustainability and developers of sustainable ICT systems or applications. ICT4S is devoted to covering all types of research, developments and applications of ICT to support sustainability. In this context, there are still numerous problems to be addressed that require collaborative research across multiple disciplines.

To provide a broader forum for reporting on scientific progress as well as practical experiences on ICT for sustainability, ICT4S 2022 invites submissions (Research Paper track) that range from well-founded technical papers, to exploratory, empirical and application papers. Papers recently published in related journals (Journal-first Paper track) are also welcome. Details of the different tracks are below:

Research Paper Track

We welcome original papers reporting on research, development, case studies, and experience and empirical reports in the field of ICT4S. The following type of papers are possible:

  • Technical Papers describing original scientifically rigorous solutions to significant sustainability development problems. A technical paper should clearly describe the problem addressed, the relevant state of the art, the scientifically-founded solution, and the impact and benefits of the contribution. Appropriate examples, synthetic or otherwise, should be used to explain all aspects of the contribution.
  • Exploratory papers describe new, non-conventional ICT for sustainability development research positions or approaches. These papers should challenge the status-quo and describe vision solutions based on new ways of using ICT for the development of sustainable systems, tools, methods and environments. They must clearly describe the inadequacies in the current state-of-the-art and rigorously present their approach, clearly demonstrating and discussing its pertinence, correctness and significance.
  • Application papers provide a realistic and verifiable picture of the current state-of-the-practice in ICT for sustainability and explore the problems encountered by the industrial, community, or other adoption of sustainability techniques. Contributions should describe and analyze the application of ICT for sustainability techniques to industrial problems, preferably identifying challenges, shortcomings, innovative solutions, and concepts arising from the practical deployment of tools and techniques.
  • Empirical Evaluation papers evaluating existing problem cases or scientifically validating proposed solutions through, for example, empirical studies, experiments, case studies, or simulations. The topic of the evaluation presented in the paper must be clearly stated and motivated. The research method must be sound and appropriate. The results must highlight the advances found, but also the current gaps and challenges.

Evaluation Process and Selection Criteria

ICT4S 2022 will follow a double-blind review process. The manuscripts should be submitted for review anonymously (i.e., without listing the author’s names on the paper) and references to own work should be made in the third person.

All submitted papers will be reviewed by three members of the program committee. Papers will be evaluated (in accordance with their type) based on their novelty, significance, soundness, reproducibility, evaluation, quality of presentation and appropriate comparison to related work, and general presentation of the overall contribution. Since the ICT4S conference is also a place where researchers and practitioners can exchange personal perspectives on values and impact, particular attention will be given to the explicit description and the significance of how the work has or would positively impact any aspect of sustainability of the environment, society or economy.

Journal-first Paper Track

Authors of recently published journal papers are invited to present their work at ICT4S 2022, therefore providing an opportunity for the authors to engage directly with the community and offering the attendees an additional dimension to the conference program.

Journal First papers should relate to ICT4S and describe original results that have not been presented at a conference. Papers that are extensions of previous conference papers are not eligible. For a journal paper to be eligible to participate, the paper must be: in scope of the conference (see the conference topics), accepted in one of the following journals (if you would like us to consider a paper published in another journal of equal reputation to those presented in the list, please contact the Program Chairs), and accepted for publication after January 1st, 2021 and before December 31st, 2021.

List of considered journals: T-SUSC, SUSCOM, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, Solutions, JSS, IST, GMD, JSDTL, Telematics and Informatics, STS, FGCS, EIA Review, IEEE Series on Green Communications and Computing Networks, INFOGG, Journal of Cleaner Production, JSME, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Applied Energy, Energy Policy, TSE, TOSEM, Environ. Model. Softw., IEEE Software, IEEE Computer, CACM, SoSyM, ASE, JOT, IJSEKE, IJCTT, IJSE, CSRD, JIIS.

Evaluation Process and Selection Criteria

Authors will be invited to present their journal paper at ICT4S 2022 after a check that the paper satisfies the criteria listed above. Since the papers have already been reviewed and accepted by the respective journals, they will not be reviewed again for their technical content.

In case an exceptionally high number of submissions is received, we may not be able to select all papers. In this case, priority will be given to the papers with authors that have no (or fewer) papers accepted at other ICT4S tracks. If we still need to select from papers with the same priority, we will choose papers that best fit the technical program, offering a balance across the conference topics.

Topics of interest

ICT4S 2022 seeks submissions to one of the proposed tracks (research papers and journal-first papers) on diverse topics related to ICT for sustainability, including, but not limited to:

  • Sustainable community building via ICT
  • Potential of ICT for economic growth and decentralization
  • Green E-Commerce, sustainable online-shopping
  • Digital Sufficiency / Digital Sobriety
  • ICT and circular economy / circular society
  • Sustainability-driven resilience by and of ICT
  • Social sustainability implications, contributions and limitations of ICT
  • Enabling and systemic effects of ICT on society and/or the environment
  • Smart cyber-physical systems (grids, city, home, farming)
  • Sustainability in data centers and high-performance computing
  • Green networking, monitoring and adaptation of software-intensive systems and services
  • ICT-induced behavioral and societal change
  • Design principles for sustainable ICT
  • Sustainable software engineering
  • Sustainability of technical infrastructures
  • Software for sustainable business governance
  • Reduced hardware obsolescence
  • Incentives and nudges for more sustainable ICT
  • Challenges for an environmentally sustainable ICT industry
  • Art and education in ICT for sustainability
  • Systematic interdisciplinary efforts in ICT for sustainability
  • Computational sustainability
  • Climate informatics
  • Blockchain and Sustainability
  • Cloud and sustainability
  • Smart and Sustainability
  • FinTech and Sustainability
  • IST sustainability and SDGs
  • Agile & Sustainability

Submission Process

Papers should be submitted electronically via EasyChair.

  • Research paper: select the “[ICT4S’22] Research Track" and submit your abstract prior to the full paper by the deadline stated, to allow their allocation to reviewers. Papers should be submitted in IEEE conference proceedings format. Each paper is limited to 10 pages including the main text, figures, tables and appendices. Two more pages containing only references are permitted. Papers that are too long or violate the formatting instructions will be automatically rejected. All submissions must be original, unpublished, and not submitted simultaneously for publication elsewhere.

    At least one author of each accepted paper is expected to register for the conference. Registered authors of accepted papers will be allocated a slot during the conference to present their work. Presented papers will be published on the conference proceedings.

    ICT4S 2022 will have the proceedings published by Conference Publishing Services (CPS). Accepted submissions will be submitted to IEEE Xplore and the IEEE Computer Society Digital Library. Content will be submitted to the indexing companies for possible indexing. Indexing services are independent organizations, and CPS cannot guarantee that any particular abstract or index entry will be included in Ei Compendex or any other indexing service.

IEEE CPS Logo

  • Journal-first paper: select the “[ICT4S’22] Journal First Paper Track” and submit your published journal paper together with a cover letter describing the reasons why it should be presented at ICT4S 2022, merged into a single file. Each cover letter is limited to 2 pages in IEEE conference proceedings format including text, appendices, figures and references. Please note that it is by no means mandatory that you use all these elements as long as the cover letter clearly explains the appropriateness of the paper to be presented at the conference.

    At least one author of each accepted paper is expected to register for the conference. Registered authors of the accepted journal-first papers will be allocated a slot during the conference to present their work.

Dates
Plenary
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Tue 14 Jun

Displayed time zone: Athens change

08:30 - 09:00
Registration / Virtual Coffee RoomGeneral events at 1 floor
09:00 - 09:30
Opening SessionGeneral events at 424
Chair(s): João Paulo Fernandes LIACC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal, Elena Somova University of Plovdiv "Paisii Hilendarski"
09:30 - 11:00
Paper discussion B1 (IRL)Research Papers at 205
Chair(s): Ivano Malavolta Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
09:30
30m
Paper
Finding Significant Differences in the Energy Consumption when Comparing Programming Languages and Programs.
Research Papers
Lukas Koedijk KPMG Advisory N.V., Ana Maria Oprescu University of Amsterdam
10:00
30m
Paper
WebAssembly versus JavaScript: Energy and Runtime Performance
Research Papers
João de Macedo Universidade do Minho, João Saraiva , Rui Pereira HASLab/INESC TEC, Rui Abreu Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal
10:30
30m
Paper
Energy Cost and Accuracy Impact of K-Anonymity
Research Papers
Ana Maria Oprescu University of Amsterdam, Sander Misdorp Universiteit van Amsterdam, Koen van Elsen Universiteit van Amsterdam
09:30 - 11:00
Paper discussion B4 (H)Research Papers at 224
Chair(s): Elina Eriksson KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
09:30
30m
Paper
Music Within Limits.
Research Papers
Yann Seznec KTH Royal Institute of Technology
10:00
30m
Paper
Towards considering Planetary Boundaries in Life Cycle Assessments of ICT.
Research Papers
Pernilla Bergmark Ericsson Research, Ericsson AB, Gustaf Zachrisson Ericsson Research (intern), Ericsson AB
10:30
30m
Paper
Decarbonization Potential of Building Automation: Results from a German Survey and Outlook.
Research Papers
Severin Beucker Borderstep Institute for Innovation and Sustainability, Simon Hinterholzer
11:00 - 11:30
Coffee Break / Virtual Coffee RoomCatering at 4 floor
11:00
30m
Coffee break
Break
Catering

11:30 - 13:00
Session A1 Keynote speakerKeynotes at 424
Chair(s): Andrew Karvonen
11:30
90m
Keynote
“Our Stories, our voices”: A feminist toolkit for digital justice in the urban margins
Keynotes
Ayona Datta University College London, UK
13:00 - 14:45
13:00
1h45m
Lunch
Lunch
Catering

15:45 - 16:30
Coffee Break / Virtual Coffee RoomCatering at 4 floor
15:45
45m
Coffee break
Break
Catering

16:30 - 18:00
Paper discussion B2 (H)Research Papers at 205
Chair(s): Norbert Seyff FHNW & University of Zurich
16:30
30m
Paper
Addressing students’ eco-anxiety when teaching sustainability in computing education.
Research Papers
Elina Eriksson KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, Anne Peters KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, Daniel Pargman KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Björn Hedin KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Minna Laurell-Thorslund KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sandra Sjöö KTH Royal Institute of Technology
17:00
30m
Paper
Consumer Uptake of Digital Low-Carbon Innovations.
Research Papers
Charlie Wilson Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Barnaby Andrews University of East Anglia, Emilie Vrain University of Oxford
17:30
30m
Paper
The `Vattn’ Case: Analysing Sustainability Impacts in a Software Startup.
Research Papers
Susan Lieu Univ. of Gothenburg, Adelric Wong Univ. of Gothenburg, Birgit Penzenstadler Chalmers
16:30 - 18:00
Paper discussion B3 (H)Research Papers at 224
Chair(s): June Sallou University of Rennes 1
16:30
30m
Paper
Data-Centric Green AI: An Exploratory Empirical Study.
Research Papers
Roberto Verdecchia Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Luís Cruz Deflt University of Technology, June Sallou University of Rennes 1, Michelle Lin McGill University, James Wickenden University of Bristol, Estelle Hotellier Inria
Pre-print
17:00
30m
Paper
Analysing the energy impact of different optimisations for machine learning models.
Research Papers
Maria Gutierrez University of Castilla-La Mancha, Felix García University of Castilla-La Mancha, Mª Angeles Moraga University of Castilla-La Mancha
17:30
30m
Talk
Assessing the embodied carbon footprint of IoT edge devices with a bottom-up life-cycle approachJournal-first
Research Papers
16:30 - 18:00
Paper discussion B7 (H)Research Papers at 305
Chair(s): Anne Peters KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
16:30
30m
Paper
From (e-)wasteland to Repair Society: Exploring ICT repair through speculative scenarios.
Research Papers
Minna Laurell-Thorslund KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sahra Svensson-Hoglund Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Daniel Pargman KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Elina Eriksson KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
17:00
30m
Talk
Green IT and Green SoftwareJournal-first
Research Papers
Roberto Verdecchia Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Patricia Lago Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Christof Ebert Vector Consulting, Carol de Vries
Pre-print
16:30 - 18:00
Paper discussion B5 (H)Research Papers at 424
Chair(s): Daniel Pargman KTH Royal Institute of Technology
16:30
30m
Paper
Designing a Mobility Intelligence System for Decision-making with Shared Mobility Data.
Research Papers
Lukas Böhm Institute for Digital Consumption; Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Felix Peters Institute for Digital Consumption; Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Paul Bossauer Institute for Digital Consumption; Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Dennis Lawo Institute for Digital Consumption, Christina Pakusch Institute for Digital Consumption; Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science, Gunnar Stevens University of Siegen
17:00
30m
Paper
From micro behaviors to macro effects - Agent Based Modeling of environmental awareness spread and its effects on critical resource consumption.
Research Papers
Giovanna Sissa University of Genova, Giovanni Franza Università di Genova
17:30
30m
Paper
Let’s Start Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Academic Conferences.
Research Papers
Markus Funke Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Patricia Lago Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Pre-print
19:00 - 23:00
Welcome ReceptionCatering at Restaurant
19:00
4h
Dinner
Dinner
Catering

Wed 15 Jun

Displayed time zone: Athens change

09:00 - 10:30
Paper discussion B2 (IRL)Research Papers at 205
Chair(s): Norbert Seyff FHNW & University of Zurich
09:00
30m
Paper
Consumer Uptake of Digital Low-Carbon Innovations.
Research Papers
Charlie Wilson Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Barnaby Andrews University of East Anglia, Emilie Vrain University of Oxford
09:30
30m
Paper
The `Vattn’ Case: Analysing Sustainability Impacts in a Software Startup.
Research Papers
Susan Lieu Univ. of Gothenburg, Adelric Wong Univ. of Gothenburg, Birgit Penzenstadler Chalmers
10:00
30m
Paper
Addressing students’ eco-anxiety when teaching sustainability in computing education.
Research Papers
Elina Eriksson KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, Anne Peters KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, Daniel Pargman KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Björn Hedin KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Minna Laurell-Thorslund KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sandra Sjöö KTH Royal Institute of Technology
09:00 - 10:30
Paper discussion B5 (H)Research Papers at 224
Chair(s): Daniel Pargman KTH Royal Institute of Technology
09:00
30m
Paper
From micro behaviors to macro effects - Agent Based Modeling of environmental awareness spread and its effects on critical resource consumption.
Research Papers
Giovanna Sissa University of Genova, Giovanni Franza Università di Genova
09:30
30m
Paper
Designing a Mobility Intelligence System for Decision-making with Shared Mobility Data.
Research Papers
Lukas Böhm Institute for Digital Consumption; Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Felix Peters Institute for Digital Consumption; Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Paul Bossauer Institute for Digital Consumption; Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Dennis Lawo Institute for Digital Consumption, Christina Pakusch Institute for Digital Consumption; Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science, Gunnar Stevens University of Siegen
10:00
30m
Paper
Let’s Start Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Academic Conferences.
Research Papers
Markus Funke Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Patricia Lago Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Pre-print
10:30 - 11:00
Coffee Break / Virtual Coffee RoomCatering at 4 floor
10:30
30m
Coffee break
Break
Catering

13:00 - 14:45
13:00
1h45m
Lunch
Lunch
Catering

15:45 - 16:30
Coffee Break / Virtual Coffee RoomCatering at 4 floor
15:45
45m
Coffee break
Break
Catering

16:30 - 18:00
Paper discussion B1 (H)Research Papers at 205
Chair(s): Luís Cruz Deflt University of Technology
16:30
30m
Paper
Finding Significant Differences in the Energy Consumption when Comparing Programming Languages and Programs.
Research Papers
Lukas Koedijk KPMG Advisory N.V., Ana Maria Oprescu University of Amsterdam
17:00
30m
Paper
WebAssembly versus JavaScript: Energy and Runtime Performance
Research Papers
João de Macedo Universidade do Minho, João Saraiva , Rui Pereira HASLab/INESC TEC, Rui Abreu Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal
17:30
30m
Paper
Energy Cost and Accuracy Impact of K-Anonymity
Research Papers
Ana Maria Oprescu University of Amsterdam, Sander Misdorp Universiteit van Amsterdam, Koen van Elsen Universiteit van Amsterdam
16:30 - 18:00
Paper discussion B4 (H)Research Papers at 224
Chair(s): Elina Eriksson KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
16:30
30m
Paper
Music Within Limits.
Research Papers
Yann Seznec KTH Royal Institute of Technology
17:00
30m
Paper
Towards considering Planetary Boundaries in Life Cycle Assessments of ICT.
Research Papers
Pernilla Bergmark Ericsson Research, Ericsson AB, Gustaf Zachrisson Ericsson Research (intern), Ericsson AB
17:30
30m
Paper
Decarbonization Potential of Building Automation: Results from a German Survey and Outlook.
Research Papers
Severin Beucker Borderstep Institute for Innovation and Sustainability, Simon Hinterholzer
16:30 - 18:00
Paper discussion B6 (H)Research Papers at 305
Chair(s): Birgit Penzenstadler Chalmers
16:30
30m
Paper
Architectural Tactics to Optimize Software for Energy Efficiency in the Public Cloud.
Research Papers
Sophie Vos , Patricia Lago Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Roberto Verdecchia Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Ilja Heitlager Schuberg Philis
Pre-print
17:00
30m
Paper
An impact inheritance approach to the estimation of the carbon footprints of economic activities.
Research Papers
17:30
30m
Paper
Sustainability in Agile Software Development: A Survey Study among Practitioners.
Research Papers
Peter Bambazek Johannes Kepler University Linz, Iris Groher Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Norbert Seyff FHNW & University of Zurich
19:00 - 23:00
19:00
4h
Dinner
Dinner
Catering

Thu 16 Jun

Displayed time zone: Athens change

09:00 - 10:30
Paper discussion B3 (IRL)Research Papers at 205
Chair(s): June Sallou University of Rennes 1
09:00
30m
Paper
Data-Centric Green AI: An Exploratory Empirical Study.
Research Papers
Roberto Verdecchia Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Luís Cruz Deflt University of Technology, June Sallou University of Rennes 1, Michelle Lin McGill University, James Wickenden University of Bristol, Estelle Hotellier Inria
Pre-print
09:30
30m
Paper
Analysing the energy impact of different optimisations for machine learning models.
Research Papers
Maria Gutierrez University of Castilla-La Mancha, Felix García University of Castilla-La Mancha, Mª Angeles Moraga University of Castilla-La Mancha
10:00
30m
Talk
Assessing the embodied carbon footprint of IoT edge devices with a bottom-up life-cycle approachJournal-first
Research Papers
09:00 - 10:30
Paper discussion B6 (H)Research Papers at 224
Chair(s): Birgit Penzenstadler Chalmers
09:00
30m
Paper
Architectural Tactics to Optimize Software for Energy Efficiency in the Public Cloud.
Research Papers
Sophie Vos , Patricia Lago Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Roberto Verdecchia Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Ilja Heitlager Schuberg Philis
Pre-print
09:30
30m
Paper
An impact inheritance approach to the estimation of the carbon footprints of economic activities.
Research Papers
10:00
30m
Paper
Sustainability in Agile Software Development: A Survey Study among Practitioners.
Research Papers
Peter Bambazek Johannes Kepler University Linz, Iris Groher Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Norbert Seyff FHNW & University of Zurich
09:00 - 10:30
Paper discussion B7 (H)Research Papers at 305
Chair(s): Anne Peters KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
09:00
30m
Paper
From (e-)wasteland to Repair Society: Exploring ICT repair through speculative scenarios.
Research Papers
Minna Laurell-Thorslund KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sahra Svensson-Hoglund Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Daniel Pargman KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Elina Eriksson KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
09:30
30m
Talk
Green IT and Green SoftwareJournal-first
Research Papers
Roberto Verdecchia Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Patricia Lago Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Christof Ebert Vector Consulting, Carol de Vries
Pre-print
10:30 - 11:00
Coffee Break / Virtual Coffee RoomCatering at 4 floor
10:30
30m
Coffee break
Break
Catering

13:00 - 14:45
13:00
1h45m
Lunch
Lunch
Catering

14:45 - 16:15
Session A3 Keynote speakerKeynotes at 424
Chair(s): Coral Calero Universidad de Castilla La Mancha
14:45
90m
Keynote
Creating Better Software by Centering Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Keynotes
Kelly Blincoe University of Auckland
16:15 - 16:45
Coffee Break / Virtual Coffee RoomCatering at 4 floor
16:15
30m
Coffee break
Break
Catering

16:45 - 17:30
Closing SessionGeneral events at 424
Chair(s): João Paulo Fernandes LIACC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal, Elena Somova University of Plovdiv "Paisii Hilendarski"

Accepted Papers

Title
Addressing students’ eco-anxiety when teaching sustainability in computing education.
Research Papers
Analysing the energy impact of different optimisations for machine learning models.
Research Papers
An impact inheritance approach to the estimation of the carbon footprints of economic activities.
Research Papers
Architectural Tactics to Optimize Software for Energy Efficiency in the Public Cloud.
Research Papers
Pre-print
Assessing the embodied carbon footprint of IoT edge devices with a bottom-up life-cycle approachJournal-first
Research Papers
Consumer Uptake of Digital Low-Carbon Innovations.
Research Papers
Data-Centric Green AI: An Exploratory Empirical Study.
Research Papers
Pre-print
Decarbonization Potential of Building Automation: Results from a German Survey and Outlook.
Research Papers
Designing a Mobility Intelligence System for Decision-making with Shared Mobility Data.
Research Papers
Energy Cost and Accuracy Impact of K-Anonymity
Research Papers
Finding Significant Differences in the Energy Consumption when Comparing Programming Languages and Programs.
Research Papers
From (e-)wasteland to Repair Society: Exploring ICT repair through speculative scenarios.
Research Papers
From micro behaviors to macro effects - Agent Based Modeling of environmental awareness spread and its effects on critical resource consumption.
Research Papers
Green IT and Green SoftwareJournal-first
Research Papers
Pre-print
Let’s Start Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Academic Conferences.
Research Papers
Pre-print
Music Within Limits.
Research Papers
Sustainability in Agile Software Development: A Survey Study among Practitioners.
Research Papers
The `Vattn’ Case: Analysing Sustainability Impacts in a Software Startup.
Research Papers
Towards considering Planetary Boundaries in Life Cycle Assessments of ICT.
Research Papers
WebAssembly versus JavaScript: Energy and Runtime Performance
Research Papers