C is a dominant language for implementing system software. Unfortunately, its support for low-level control of memory often leads to memory errors. Dynamic analysis tools, which have been widely used for detecting memory errors at runtime, are not yet satisfactory as they cannot deterministically and completely detect some types of memory errors, e.g., segment confusion errors, sub-object overflows, use-after-frees, and memory leaks.

We propose Smatus, short for \emph{smart status}, a new dynamic analysis approach that supports comprehensive runtime detection of memory errors. The key innovation is to create and maintain a small status node for each memory object. Our approach tracks not only the bounds of each pointer's referent but also the \emph{status} and \emph{reference count} of the referent in its status node, where the status represents the liveness and segment type of the referent. A status node is \emph{smart} as it is automatically destroyed when it becomes useless. To the best of our knowledge, Smatus represents the most comprehensive approach of its kind. In terms of effectiveness (for detecting more kinds of errors), Smatus outperforms state-of-the-art tools, Google's AddressSanitizer, SoftBoundCETS and Valgrind. In terms of performance, Smatus outperforms SoftBoundCETS and Valgrind in terms of both time and memory overheads incurred, and is on par with AddressSanitizer in terms of the time and memory overheads tradeoff (with much lower memory overhead incurred).