Smart contracts are self-executing programs on a blockchain to ensure immutable and transparent agreements without the involvement of intermediaries. Despite the growing popularity of smart contracts for many blockchain platforms like Ethereum, smart contract developers cannot prevent copying their smart contracts from competitors due to the absence of technical means available. However, applying existing software watermarking techniques is challenging because of the unique properties of smart contracts, such as a code size constraint, non- free execution cost, and no support for dynamic allocation under a virtual machine environment. This paper introduces a novel software watermarking scheme, dubbed SmartMark, aiming to protect the piracy of smart contracts. SmartMark builds the control flow graph of a target contract runtime bytecode and locates a series of bytes randomly selected from a collection of opcodes to represent a watermark. We implement a full-fledged prototype for Ethereum, applying SmartMark to 27,824 unique smart contract bytecodes. Our empirical results demonstrate that SmartMark can effectively embed a watermark into smart contracts and verify its presence, meeting the requirements of credibility and imperceptibility while incurring a slight performance degradation. Furthermore, our security analysis shows that SmartMark is resilient against foreseeable watermarking corruption attacks; e.g., a large number of dummy opcodes are needed to disable a watermark effectively, resulting in producing illegitimate smart contract clones that are not economical.
Wed 17 MayDisplayed time zone: Hobart change
11:00 - 12:30 | Blockchain/smart contractsTechnical Track / DEMO - Demonstrations / SEIP - Software Engineering in Practice / Journal-First Papers at Meeting Room 106 Chair(s): Yi Li Nanyang Technological University | ||
11:00 15mTalk | SmartMark: Software Watermarking Scheme for Smart Contracts Technical Track Taeyoung Kim Sungkyunkwan University, Yunhee Jang Sungkyunkwan University, Chanjong Lee Sungkyunkwan University, Hyungjoon Koo Sungkyunkwan University, hyoungshick kim Sungkyunkwan University | ||
11:15 15mTalk | Turn the Rudder: A Beacon of Reentrancy Detection for Smart Contracts on Ethereum Technical Track Zibin Zheng School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Neng Zhang School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Jianzhong Su Sun Yat-sen University, Zhijie Zhong School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Mingxi Ye Sun Yat-sen University, Jiachi Chen School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University Pre-print | ||
11:30 15mTalk | BSHUNTER: Detecting and Tracing Defects of Bitcoin Scripts Technical Track Peilin Zheng Sun Yat-sen University, Xiapu Luo The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Zibin Zheng School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University Pre-print File Attached | ||
11:45 15mTalk | DAppHunter: Identifying Inconsistent Behaviors of Blockchain-based Decentralized Applications SEIP - Software Engineering in Practice Jianfei Zhou University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Jiang Tianxing , Haijun Wang Ant Group, Meng Wu Ant Group, Ting Chen University of Electronic Science and Technology of China | ||
12:00 15mTalk | Evolutionary Approach for Concurrency Testing of Ripple Blockchain Consensus Algorithm SEIP - Software Engineering in Practice Martijn van Meerten Delft University of Technology, Burcu Kulahcioglu Ozkan Delft University of Technology, Annibale Panichella Delft University of Technology | ||
12:15 7mTalk | Siguard: Detecting Signature-Related Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts DEMO - Demonstrations Jiashuo Zhang Peking University, China, Yue Li Peking University, Jianbo Gao Peking University, Zhi Guan Peking University, Zhong Chen | ||
12:22 7mTalk | Storage State Analysis and Extraction of Ethereum Blockchain Smart Contracts Journal-First Papers Maha Ayub Information Technology University (ITU) Lahore, Pakistan, Tania Saleem Information Technology University (ITU) Lahore, Pakistan, Muhammad Umar Janjua Information Technology University (ITU) Lahore, Pakistan, Talha Ahmed Information Technology University (ITU) Lahore, Pakistan |