Industrial Innovation PapersRequirements Engineering 2024
The 32nd IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE’24) is the premier international forum for industrial practitioners, researchers, educators, and students to discuss the most recent innovations, experiences, and concerns in the discipline of Requirements Engineering. The RE’24 industry track will feature full industry papers, presentation-only contributions, invited presentations, and interactive formats.
Accepted Papers
Wed 26 JunDisplayed time zone: (UTC) Coordinated Universal Time change
10:15 - 10:45 | |||
10:15 30mCoffee break | Coffee Break Catering |
10:45 - 12:15 | ClassificationsResearch Papers / Industrial Innovation Papers at M101 Chair(s): Sallam Abualhaija University of Luxembourg | ||
10:45 30mPaper | Multi-Label Requirements Classification with Large Taxonomies Industrial Innovation Papers Waleed Abdeen Blekinge Institute of Technology, Michael Unterkalmsteiner Blekinge Institute of Technology, Krzysztof Wnuk Blekinge Institute of Technology | ||
11:15 30mPaper | Lessons from the Use of Natural Language Inference (NLI) in Requirement Engineering Tasks Research Papers Mohamad Fazelnia University of Hawaii at Manoa, Viktoria Koscinski Rochester Institute of Technology, Spencer Herzog , Mehdi Mirakhorli Rochester Institute of Technology Pre-print | ||
11:45 30mPaper | Classifying Ambiguous Requirements: An Explainable Approach in Railway Industry (Presentation Only) Industrial Innovation Papers |
10:45 - 12:15 | Cyber-Physical SystemsIndustrial Innovation Papers / RE@Next! Papers / Research Papers at M104 Chair(s): Jane Cleland-Huang University of Notre Dame | ||
10:45 30mPaper | Engineering Safety Requirements for Autonomous Driving with Large Language Models Industrial Innovation Papers Ali Nouri Volvo cars & Chalmers University of Technology, Beatriz Cabrero-Daniel University of Gothenburg, Fredrik Torner Volvo cars, Hakan Sivencrona Zenseact AB, Christian Berger Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden | ||
11:15 30mPaper | Requirements Strategy for Managing Human Factors in Agile Automated Vehicle Development Research Papers Amna Pir Muhammad Chalmers | University of Gothenburg, Alessia Knauss Veoneer Research, Sweden, Eric Knauss Chalmers | University of Gothenburg, Jonas Bärgman Chalmers University of Technology | ||
11:45 30mPaper | Digital Process Twins for Interleaving Requirements Elicitation and Design of Cyber-Physical Systems RE@Next! Papers |
10:45 - 12:15 | VerificationIndustrial Innovation Papers / Research Papers at V101 Chair(s): Farnaz Fotrousi Chalmers and Gothenburg University | ||
10:45 30mPaper | Scalable Redundancy Detection for Real-Time Requirements Research Papers Elisabeth Henkel University Freiburg, Nico Hauff University Freiburg, Lena Funk , Vincent Langenfeld University of Freiburg, Andreas Podelski University of Freiburg | ||
11:15 30mPaper | Requirements Satisfiability with In-Context Learning Research Papers Sarah Santos , Travis Breaux Carnegie Mellon University, Tom Norton , Sara Haghighi , Sepideh Ghanavati University of Maine Pre-print | ||
11:45 30mPaper | Post-Hoc Formal Verification of Automotive Software with Informal Requirements: An Experience Report Industrial Innovation Papers Gustav Ung , Jesper Amilon KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Dilian Gurov KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Christian Lidström KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Mattias Nyberg , Karl Palmskog KTH Royal Institute of Technology |
12:15 - 13:45 | |||
12:15 90mSocial Event | First Timer's Lunch Catering Alicia M. Grubb Smith College |
13:45 - 15:15 | ExplainabilityResearch Papers / RE@Next! Papers / Industrial Innovation Papers at M101 Chair(s): Krzysztof Wnuk Blekinge Institute of Technology | ||
13:45 30mPaper | Explainability Requirements for Time Series Forecasts: A Study in the Energy Domain Industrial Innovation Papers Jakob Droste Leibniz Universität Hannover, Ronja Fuchs Kraftwerk Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung GmbH, Hannah Deters Leibniz University Hannover, Jil Klünder Leibniz Universität Hannover, Kurt Schneider Leibniz Universität Hannover, Software Engineering Group | ||
14:15 30mPaper | Explainability as a Requirement for Hardware: Introducing Explainable Hardware (XHW) RE@Next! Papers Timo Speith University of Bayreuth, Julian Speith Max Planck Institute for Security and Privacy (MPI-SP), Steffen Becker , Yixin Zou , Asia Biega , Christof Paar Link to publication DOI Pre-print | ||
14:45 30mPaper | Explanations in Everyday Software Systems: Towards a Taxonomy for Explainability Needs Research Papers Jakob Droste Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannah Deters Leibniz University Hannover, Martin Obaidi Leibniz Universität Hannover, Kurt Schneider Leibniz Universität Hannover, Software Engineering Group Pre-print |
13:45 - 15:15 | ModellingResearch Papers / Journal-First / Industrial Innovation Papers at V101 Chair(s): Jennifer Horkoff Chalmers and the University of Gothenburg | ||
13:45 30mPaper | Non-Functional Requirements Discovery and Quality Assurance using Goal Model for Earthquake Warning System in Operation Industrial Innovation Papers | ||
14:15 30mPaper | Including Business Strategy in Model-Driven Methods: An Experiment Journal-First Rene Noel Escuela de Ingenieria Civil Informatica, Universidad de Valparaiso, Jose Ignacio Panach Navarrete Universitat de València, Oscar Pastor Universitat Politecnica de Valencia | ||
14:45 30mPaper | Utilizing Process Models in the Requirements Engineering Process Through Model2Text Transformation Research Papers |
15:15 - 15:45 | |||
15:15 30mCoffee break | Coffee Break Catering |
15:45 - 17:45 | Education and CareerJournal-First / RE@Next! Papers at M104 Chair(s): Colin C. Venter University of Huddersfield | ||
15:45 30mPaper | Exploring the REIT Architecture for Requirements Elicitation Interview Training with Robotic and Virtual Tutors Journal-First Link to publication File Attached | ||
16:15 30mPaper | GPT-Powered Elicitation Interview Script Generator for Requirements Engineering Training RE@Next! Papers Pre-print File Attached | ||
16:45 30mPaper | SwissREview: Mapping the Requirements Engineering Job Landscape RE@Next! Papers Anthea Moravánszky University of Szeged, Hungary; University of Applied Sciences of the Grisons, Switzerland File Attached |
15:45 - 17:45 | User-feedbackResearch Papers / RE@Next! Papers at V101 Chair(s): Oliver Karras TIB - Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology | ||
15:45 30mPaper | GlobalTagNet: A Graph-Based Framework for Multi-Label Classification in GitHub Issues Research Papers | ||
16:15 30mPaper | From Posts to Reqs and Back: Investigating Instagram's Potential in Supporting Requirements Engineers. An Empirical Study RE@Next! Papers Pre-print | ||
16:45 30mPaper | Towards Crowd-Based Requirements Engineering for Digital Farming (CrowdRE4DF) RE@Next! Papers Eduard C. Groen Fraunhofer IESE, Kazi Rezoanur Rahman , Nikita Narsinghani , Joerg Doerr Fraunhofer IESE Pre-print Media Attached File Attached |
15:45 - 17:45 | Responsible RequirementsRE@Next! Papers / Research Papers at V201 Chair(s): Jacek Dąbrowski Lero - the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software | ||
15:45 30mPaper | A Vision to Enhance Trust Requirements for Peer Support Systems by Revisiting Trust Theories RE@Next! Papers File Attached | ||
16:15 30mPaper | Uncovering Patterns of Users' Ethical Concerns about Software RE@Next! Papers Özge Karaçam Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Tom P Humbert Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Emitzá Guzmán Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Pre-print | ||
16:45 30mPaper | How do practitioners reason about security requirements? An interview study Research Papers Pre-print |
Thu 27 JunDisplayed time zone: (UTC) Coordinated Universal Time change
10:45 - 12:15 | SpecificationResearch Papers / RE@Next! Papers at M104 Chair(s): Kurt Schneider Leibniz Universität Hannover, Software Engineering Group | ||
10:45 30mPaper | Keeping Behavioral Programs Alive: Specifying and Executing Liveness Requirements Research Papers Tom Yaacov Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Achiya Elyasaf Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Gera Weiss Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Pre-print | ||
11:15 30mPaper | ReqCompletion: Domain-Enhanced Automatic Completion for Software Requirements Research Papers Xiaoli Lian Beihang University, China, Jieping Ma Beihang University, Heyang Lv , Li Zhang Beihang University | ||
11:45 30mPaper | Using LLMs in Software Requirements Specifications: An Empirical Evaluation RE@Next! Papers Madhava Krishna , Bhagesh Gaur Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi, Arsh Varma , Pankaj Jalote Pre-print |
10:45 - 12:15 | Requirements QualityRE@Next! Papers / Journal-First at V101 Chair(s): Martin Glinz University of Zurich | ||
10:45 30mPaper | Requirements quality research: a harmonized theory, evaluation, and roadmap Journal-First Julian Frattini Blekinge Institute of Technology, Lloyd Montgomery University of Hamburg, Germany, Jannik Fischbach Netlight GmbH / fortiss GmbH, Daniel Mendez Blekinge Institute of Technology and fortiss, Davide Fucci Blekinge Institute of Technology, Michael Unterkalmsteiner Blekinge Institute of Technology Link to publication DOI Media Attached | ||
11:15 30mPaper | Leveraging LLMs for the Quality Assurance of Software Requirements RE@Next! Papers Sebastian Lubos Graz University of Technology, Alexander Felfernig Graz University of Technology, Trang Tran Graz University of Technology, Damian Garber , Merfat El Mansi , Seda Polat Erdeniz , Viet-Man Le Graz University of Technology File Attached | ||
11:45 30mPaper | Measuring the Fitness-for-Purpose of Requirements: An initial Model of Activities and Attributes RE@Next! Papers Julian Frattini Blekinge Institute of Technology, Jannik Fischbach Netlight GmbH / fortiss GmbH, Davide Fucci Blekinge Institute of Technology, Michael Unterkalmsteiner Blekinge Institute of Technology, Daniel Mendez Blekinge Institute of Technology and fortiss Pre-print Media Attached |
10:45 - 12:15 | Testing and Code GenerationRE@Next! Papers / Industrial Innovation Papers at V201 Chair(s): Mehrdad Sabetzadeh University of Ottawa | ||
10:45 30mPaper | Generating Test Scenarios from NL Requirements via LLMs: An Industrial Study Industrial Innovation Papers | ||
11:15 30mPaper | Coupled Requirements-driven Testing of CPS: From Simulation To Reality RE@Next! Papers Ankit Agrawal Saint Louis University, Missouri, Philipp Zech , Michael Vierhauser University of Innsbruck Pre-print | ||
11:45 30mPaper | Requirements are All You Need: From Requirements to Code with LLMs RE@Next! Papers Bingyang Wei Texas Christian University Pre-print |
13:45 - 15:15 | Evaluation and Research visionRE@Next! Papers / Journal-First at M104 Chair(s): Alicia M. Grubb Smith College | ||
13:45 30mPaper | Evaluating classifiers in SE research: the ECSER pipeline and two replication studies Journal-First Davide Dell'Anna Utrecht University, Fatma Başak Aydemir Utrecht University, Fabiano Dalpiaz Utrecht University | ||
14:15 30mPaper | Requirements Engineering for Research Software: A Vision RE@Next! Papers Pre-print | ||
14:45 30mPaper | Not all requirements prioritization criteria are equal at all times: A quantitative analysis Journal-First Richard Berntsson Svensson Chalmers | University of Gothenburg, Richard Torkar Chalmers and the University of Gothenburg |
13:45 - 15:15 | User-centered REResearch Papers / RE@Next! Papers at V101 Chair(s): Meira Levy Shenkar College of Engineering, Design, Art | ||
13:45 30mPaper | Lessons Learned from Persona Usage in Requirements Engineering Practice Research Papers Devi Karolita University of Palangka Raya, John Grundy Monash University, Tanjila Kanij Monash University, Jennifer McIntosh Monash University, Humphrey Obie Monash University | ||
14:15 30mResearch preview | Comic-Based Morphological Box: Enhancing Vision Design – A Research Preview RE@Next! Papers Nedo Alexander Bartels Fraunhofer IESE, Bilgin Gültekin , Simon Andre Scherr Fraunhofer IESE, Stefanie Ludborzs , Sven Storck Fraunhofer IESE, Annika Zepp Pre-print File Attached | ||
14:45 30mPaper | Paving the Way Towards an Effective Vision Video Usage: An Exploratory Study RE@Next! Papers Lukas Nagel Leibniz University Hannover, Jakob Droste Leibniz Universität Hannover, Anne Hess Technical University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt / Fraunhofer IESE, Kurt Schneider Leibniz Universität Hannover, Software Engineering Group |
Fri 28 JunDisplayed time zone: (UTC) Coordinated Universal Time change
10:45 - 12:15 | |||
10:45 30mPaper | AI-enabled Regulatory Change Analysis of Legal Requirements Research Papers Sallam Abualhaija University of Luxembourg, Marcello Ceci University of Luxembourg, Nicolas Sannier University of Luxembourg, SnT, Domenico Bianculli University of Luxembourg, Lionel Briand University of Ottawa, Canada; Lero centre, University of Limerick, Ireland, Dirk Zetzsche University of Luxembourg, Marco Bodellini University of Luxembourg Pre-print | ||
11:15 30mPaper | Defining a Model for Content Requirements from the Law: an Experience Report Research Papers Marcello Ceci University of Luxembourg, Domenico Bianculli University of Luxembourg, Lionel Briand University of Ottawa, Canada; Lero centre, University of Limerick, Ireland | ||
11:45 30mPaper | Rethinking Legal Compliance Automation: Opportunities with Large Language Models RE@Next! Papers Shabnam Hassani University of Ottawa, Mehrdad Sabetzadeh University of Ottawa, Daniel Amyot University of Ottawa, Jian Liao Pre-print |
10:45 - 12:15 | TraceabilityResearch Papers / RE@Next! Papers / Industrial Innovation Papers at V201 Chair(s): Fatma Başak Aydemir Utrecht University | ||
10:45 30mPaper | Requirements Classification for Traceability Link Recovery Research Papers Tobias Hey Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Sophie Corallo Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Jan Keim Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Pre-print | ||
11:15 30mPaper | Enhancing Traceability Graphs using Machine Learning: Real time use-cases and lessons learnt from ‘impakt’ research project (Presentation Only) Industrial Innovation Papers | ||
11:45 30mPaper | Code Gradients: Automated Traceability of LLM-Generated Code RE@Next! Papers |
13:45 - 14:45 | Compliance and ContractIndustrial Innovation Papers / Research Papers at V101 Chair(s): Amel Bennaceur The Open University, UK | ||
13:45 30mPaper | Normative Requirements Operationalization with Large Language Models Research Papers Nick Feng University of Toronto, Lina Marsso University of Toronto, Sinem Getir Yaman University of York, UK, Isobel Standen University of York, Yesugen Baatartogtokh University of Massachusetts Amherst, Reem Ayad University of Toronto, Victória Oldemburgo de Mello University of Toronto, Beverley Townsend University of York, Hanne Bartels , Ana Cavalcanti University of York, Radu Calinescu University of York, UK, Marsha Chechik University of Toronto | ||
14:15 30mPaper | Towards Understanding Contracts Grammar: A Large Language Model-based Extractive Question-Answering Approach Industrial Innovation Papers Gokul Rejithkumar TCS Research, Preethu Rose Anish TCS Research, Smita Ghaisas Independent Researcher and Consultant |
13:45 - 14:45 | User StoriesRE@Next! Papers / Research Papers at V201 Chair(s): Jens Bæk Jørgensen Mjølner Informatics | ||
13:45 30mPaper | Deriving Domain Models from User Stories: Human vs. Machines Research Papers Maxim Bragilovski Ben-Gurion University, Ashley van Can Department of Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University, Arnon Sturm Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Fabiano Dalpiaz Utrecht University | ||
14:15 30mPaper | Interlinking User Stories and GUI Prototyping: A Semi-Automatic LLM-based Approach RE@Next! Papers Kristian Kolthoff Institute for Enterprise Systems (InES), University Of Mannheim, Felix Kretzer human-centered systems Lab (h-lab), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Christian Bartelt , Alexander Maedche , Simone Paolo Ponzetto Data and Web Science Group, University of Mannheim Pre-print |
Submission Instructions
We invite both practitioners and researchers with significant industry experience to submit original contributions reporting on requirements engineering challenges, innovations, and experience within industrial, government, and open-source settings.
Full industry papers may be up to 10 pages long, plus 1 additional page for references, and will be peer-reviewed. The accepted papers will be included in the IEEE proceedings for the conference and presented at RE’24.
Presentation-only submissions recognize that practitioners often perform innovative work that would be valuable to share but do not publish it in paper form. We, therefore, accept presentations of strong work performed in the industry at RE’24 based on the submission of a set of annotated draft slides (full paper not necessary). These presentations will be peer-reviewed and will not be eligible for publication in the conference proceedings. Annotations are not required for submission but should be included to describe portions of the presentation that are still incomplete or that you expect to substantially modify for the final presentation. Annotations can either be added in-line using presentation notes or as a separate document.
RE’24 will provide you with an opportunity to share interests and discuss ideas with fellow practitioners and researchers. You will join the global network of requirements engineering experts across industry and academia and have a chance to influence the development of the field. For further information and Word/Latex templates please check here (the same formatting instructions apply as for the Research Track). All submissions should be in PDF format. For PowerPoint presentations, if you use PowerPoint notes for annotations, please print to PDF with the “Notes” layout to generate both the slides and annotations.
Submission Instructions in a Nutshell
● Submit your full industry paper with a maximum of 10 pages (main body) + 1 page (references) - Will be reviewed and published (if accepted)
● Submit your presentation-only submission annotated draft slides - No paper necessary, will not be published
● Submissions are SINGLE-blind (that is, authors are not required to make their submissions anonymous)
● Submissions must be English, in IEEE format (for full papers)
● Submit via EasyChair ( “RE’24 Industrial Innovation" option)
Guidelines
Guidelines for Full Industry Papers
Industry papers must be based on a strong connection to the industrial context. They should adhere to the following guidelines.
Clearly describe the context of the problem and why a practical solution is important to the industry. Indicate who has been impacted, for how long time, how new the problem is, and what the trigger of the problem is.
Identify prior work. You are not expected to have performed a systematic literature review as you would for the research track. However, identify if you are applying your own or someone else’s previously published ideas. Cite this related work.
Explain what you did and the results you have obtained. What were the environment and the problem that you have investigated? How did you develop and apply any solutions? What were the results, impact, and lessons learned? Provide concise descriptions and rationales for your choices.
Describe your findings with supporting data, and do not base your arguments on just your personal opinion or conjecture. Industry track papers may be based on topics for which there was originally no expectation of writing a paper and, consequently, no controlled data gathering. Use the data you have and collect inputs and opinions from those who were involved.
Discuss what makes your contribution innovative, significant, and useful for the industry. To explain what is new, compare your results with relevant alternatives. If the findings were negative, provide a thorough discussion of the potential causes of failure and, ideally, a perspective on how to solve them.
Guidelines for Presentation-only Submissions
While “presentation-only” authors will not be required to submit full papers, they will still need to work with the industry track program committee to demonstrate that their presentation will meet the criteria of full papers. For example, authors must be able to substantiate any claims made in their presentation. They will be required to submit draft slides with annotations in the notes section of the slides. Especially for slides that use graphics or photos, the authors should elaborate on the key messages they will provide in the notes section of this slide. Further, the
authors shall provide a brief biography, their company information, and the category of the presentation (problem statement, experience report, innovative method, or vision) in the notes section of the first slide or in the attached slides at the end of the presentation. The slideset should correspond to a presentation slot of approximately 20 minutes. Similar to full papers, at least one author will be required to register for and participate in the conference. Presentations must describe original work that has not been previously published or submitted elsewhere. Submissions must be written in English. You may reference additional content (i.e., data repositories, source code for open source tools, etc.) by providing a corresponding URL hosted on an institutional, archive-grade site in the notes section.
What is the Difference between Research and Industry Track Papers?
Authors sometimes ask for guidance as to the track to which they should submit their paper.
Both Research and Industry Track papers are expected to meet the same high standards required by IEEE for published papers, but they are evaluated using different criteria. To ensure its best chance for acceptance, a paper must be submitted to the appropriate track. The following examples are by no means exhaustive, but shall provide
Example papers that should be submitted to the Research Track
● A review of previous research or literature on a given topic
● A proposed new technique that industry could employ in the future, based on interviews with a company’s employees and analysis of data
● A proposed new technique that industry could employ in the future, based on a trial in an industrial setting with simulated data
● An exploration of the history, successes, and challenges of requirements-related practices and/or vision of future directions based on the author’s work with practitioners
Example papers that could be submitted to the Research or Industry Track
● An analysis of the state of the art across multiple companies
● A description of the practices of a particular company by an employee or non-employee (e.g. a consultant or independent researcher)
Example papers that should be submitted to the Industry Track
● A proposed new technique that industry could employ in the future, based on a practitioner’s work experience
● A proposed new technique that industry could employ in the future, based on a trial in an industrial setting performed by practitioners doing their daily work
● The deployment of an existing or new technique to practitioners doing their daily work, regardless of failure or success
● An exploration of the history, successes, and challenges of requirements related practices and/or vision of future directions based on the author’s work as a practitioner
Call for Papers
Call for Contributions
The industry track accepts the following types of industrial contributions:
● Problem statements describe a significant challenge that has been encountered in industry and has not been satisfactorily solved.
● Visions propose a solution and a research or innovation roadmap for addressing a significant challenge experienced in the industry.
● Experiences report on the innovative application of a concept, method, or framework in one or several interesting industrial contexts, including the lessons learned.
Contributors have a choice on how to contribute:
● Submit a full paper that conforms to the submission guidelines. Accepted papers will be included in the conference proceedings.
● Submit a presentation proposal based on draft slides that outline the topics and structure of the presentation. Accepted proposals will not be included in the conference proceedings.
Both kinds of contributions will be reviewed by the Industrial Innovation Track Program Committee. If the contribution is accepted, we expect one of the authors of the contribution to present the work at RE’24.
We especially look for contributions with at least one author with an industrial affiliation. Some of the tutorials will be open for presenters with an industrial affiliation who are registered at the main conference.
Topics of Interest
Topics may include, but are not limited to, the following:
Innovation with Requirements Engineering
● Use of requirements engineering to address societal, economic, or corporate challenges
● Use of requirements engineering to leverage emerging technologies such as Digital Twins, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, IoT, 5G, or Blockchain
● Requirements engineering for ensuring the trustworthiness and fairness of AI-enabled systems
● Innovation through networking, community-building, and creativity
● Enablement of value chains or software ecosystems
● Business analysis and data-driven requirements engineering
Requirements Engineering for Systems
● Requirements Engineering for Digital Twins
● Requirements Engineering for cyber-physical systems
● Mutual influences between systems architecture and requirements
Stakeholder Management
● Requirements elicitation and negotiation
● Work in multi-party consortia or geographically dispersed teams
● Involvement of the crowd for requirements elicitation, analysis, and validation
Pragmatic Requirements Engineering
● Good-enough requirements engineering
● Agile and lean approaches
● Domain-specifics and special contexts for requirements engineering such as Open-source or API development
● Usage of large language models in requirements engineering
Requirements Specification
● Natural language
● Formal and model-driven approaches
● Work on complex systems or product lines
● Traceability
Addressing Quality with Requirements Engineering
● Ethics, compliance, and risk management
● User experience, privacy, safety, and security
● Sustainability
● Approaches for requirements testing, validation, and impact management
Product Lifecycle Management
● Value creation techniques
● Product planning and evolution
● Dissemination and cooperation with media, marketing, sales, and support
Industry Experiences of Requirements Engineering
● Deploying new or improved processes
● Transferring technology from academia to industry or within industry
● Tooling for requirements engineering or management
● Training and certification for practitioners
● Learning from practice and improving productivity
● Identifying industry best practices and benchmarks